Beans. Plant. Types, Varieties. Care, Reproduction, Cultivation. Diseases And Pests. A Photo

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Beans. Plant. Types, Varieties. Care, Reproduction, Cultivation. Diseases And Pests. A Photo
Beans. Plant. Types, Varieties. Care, Reproduction, Cultivation. Diseases And Pests. A Photo

Video: Beans. Plant. Types, Varieties. Care, Reproduction, Cultivation. Diseases And Pests. A Photo

Video: Beans. Plant. Types, Varieties. Care, Reproduction, Cultivation. Diseases And Pests. A Photo
Video: Bean | Fungal | Diseases | Management 2024, March
Anonim

Beans are one of the oldest cultivated plants on the planet. Currently, beans are the second largest legume in the world after soybeans.

Beans came to Russia relatively recently - in the 16th century - from Turkey and France. At first it was called beans and was specially grown for decorative purposes only. As a vegetable, beans began to be grown only in the 18th century. In recent years, beans have become more popular.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Malaurie Family

Beans, Latin - Phaseolus.

A genus of plants in the legume family.

Receptacle with a cupped disc. The wings of the corolla moth are more or less spliced with a boat, the long spinner of which, as well as the stamens and the column, are spirally twisted. The pod is bivalve, between seeds with incomplete spongy tissue septa. Herbaceous plants, usually annuals, mostly curly, with feathery leaves. There are 3 leaves, very rarely 1. Both the entire leaf and each leaflet are provided with stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes. The seeds are rich in legumin and starch.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Jean-Jacques MILAN

Preparing a site for beans

Beans are a heat-loving plant, so a garden bed in a sunny place should be reserved for it. Growing beans in areas protected from cold winds has a beneficial effect on increasing yields. Areas with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction of the soil medium (pH 6-7) are allocated for beans. If necessary, the soil must be limed before sowing.

The soil should be fertile, but without excess nitrogen. In the garden, vegetable beans must be sown 2-3 years after the application of organic fertilizers. In vegetable gardens, where the soils are usually well filled with organic fertilizers, it is enough to apply only mineral fertilizers, primarily phosphorus and potash. Mineral nitrogen fertilizers are not applied, otherwise a powerful vegetative mass develops to the detriment of fruits.

On soils with a low humus content, organic fertilizers in the form of compost are applied in the fall for digging at the rate of 4 kg (half a bucket) per 1 sq. M. In the spring, mineral fertilizers are applied under the beans: 30 g of superphosphate, 20 g of potassium chloride per 1 sq. M. The best predecessors are cucumber, cabbage, tomato, potatoes. Beans can be sown in the same place no earlier than after 3-4 years.

Beans are sown in two periods: early, when the soil at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 12-14 ° C, and after 7-10 days. Before sowing, the seeds are kept for 20 minutes in a 1% solution of potassium permanganate (10 g per 1 liter of water), and then washed in clean water and dried.

Common bush beans are sown to a depth of 5-6 cm at a distance of 40 cm row from row and 20-25 cm between plants. Curly beans are sown at a distance of 50 cm row from row, 25-30 cm between plants. Supports up to 1.5 m high are placed for it. On light, well-heated soils, beans are sown on a flat surface, and on cold, with a close groundwater level, on ridges.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Vorzinek

Care

The undoubted advantage of beans is their amazing simplicity.

This is a heat-loving and light-loving plant, but it is grown by sowing seeds directly into the ground in late May - early June. You can more accurately set the planting time for beans yourself, they are sown simultaneously with cucumbers, that is, when you can no longer be afraid of frost.

Beans grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. Before planting, humus or compost is introduced into the garden. Bush beans are grown in rows in three rows and planted in a checkerboard pattern. When sowing, two previously soaked grains are placed in the hole to a depth of 3–6 cm (depending on the mechanical composition of the soil, deeper on the lungs). The distance between the holes is 20-30 cm, the rows are 30-45 cm.

Before sowing semi-climbing and curly varieties of beans, it is necessary to install strong supports made of stakes or wooden slats (plastic and metal are not suitable, since the plant cannot “catch on” to them) 2–2.5 m high. A hole is made next to each support, into which 2 grains are placed to a depth of 5 cm. The distance between the holes is 15 cm. To give stability to the stems, the sprouted sprouts are spud.

Seedlings appear in 5-7 days, they are very sensitive to frost. With the threat of cold snap, the seedlings are covered with spunbond or other covering material. Mature plants can withstand short-term light frosts. The optimum temperature for the growth and development of plants 20-25 ° C.

Bean care consists of regular weeding, watering (in hot dry weather) and loosening the row spacing. To keep watering and weeding to a minimum, the soil can be mulched. Beans (shoulder blades) are harvested after two to three weeks from the beginning of flowering.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Spedona

Reproduction

Beans are propagated by seeds. The soil is prepared in the fall: it is dug up, after sprinkling phosphorus fertilizers on its surface - 30-40 g / m. sq. Potash fertilizers (20-30 g / m2) are applied in the spring before sowing or as top dressing in the phase of the 2-3rd true leaf. In early spring, the surface of the ridge is loosened with a rake, covering the moisture. Sowing is carried out when the soil warms up to 8-12 ° C (in the southern regions - the 3rd decade of April, in the central and northern regions - the 1st-2nd decade of May). Sow in an ordinary way according to the scheme 45 × 20-25 cm for climbing varieties and 25-30 × 10-15 cm for bush varieties. The seeding depth is 3-4 cm. Seedlings appear 4-6 days after sowing. In the phase of the 1st true leaf, the seedlings are thinned out. During the growing season, the soil in rows and aisles is loosened 3-4 times, removing weeds. Beans are a fairly drought-resistant crop, but watering is required in dry years.

The technical ripeness of asparagus beans occurs in 44-47 days in early and 50-55 days in mid-season varieties after germination. By this time, the pods reach 10-15 cm in length, and the seeds in them are the size of a wheat grain. Harvesting is carried out selectively, as the beans grow, for 2-3 weeks.

The timing of the harvest of fresh beans can be extended by re-seeding. When sowing in June, the crop begins to arrive at the end of August, when sowing in July - a month later. Usually beans are sown as a second crop after harvesting early vegetables (cabbage, potatoes, lettuce, radish). For re-crops, early varieties of asparagus beans are used. Beans from repeated crops are softer.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Ardo Beltz

Fertilization features

If legumes are sown after vegetables that have received large doses of organic and mineral fertilizers (root crops, cabbage, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes), then they do not require additional fertilization.

If legumes are planned to be used as pioneers on the site or are sown on infertile soils, then fertilizers should be carefully selected to provide the necessary plants and not give too much.

A feature of the nutrition of leguminous crops is their increased need for calcium in comparison with other crops, therefore, the introduction of lime or gypsum for the autumn digging allows you to do two good deeds for leguminous crops - to create optimal soil acidity and provide them with the necessary calcium.

As soon as the first true leaf develops in the beans, the first feeding is carried out, and after about three weeks, the second.

Since the beans, thanks to the nodule bacteria, partially use the nitrogen of the air, only complete fertilizer, poor in nitrogen, is used for feeding. Beans respond better to feeding with nutrient solutions than to the surface application of dry fertilizers. In any case, subsequent watering with clean water should be carried out, washing the leaves well.

In no case should dry fertilizers or solutions get on the bean leaves, otherwise the plants will receive severe burns. Bean leaves are very sensitive in this regard. Even immediately rinsing off the fertilizer with clean water may not always prevent burns. Therefore, great care is required when fertilizing. When applying dry fertilizers, the fertilizer hand should be at the very surface of the soil. And when applying liquid dressings, the mesh is removed from the watering can, and the spout is directed to the soil between the rows.

Double hilling of beans is best done after stopping feeding.

Since the seeds of beans are planted shallowly, hilling is necessary: the plants receive support and do not lie down after rain and in the wind. The beans are piled up as soon as the soil dries up after applying top dressing and accompanying watering. For the first time, the plants are spud with soil to the base of the first leaf, the second time - slightly higher.

Note

Bush beans are suitable as a second crop after all vegetables harvested before early July.

Bush beans can be sown from mid-May at different times, depending on the type of soil and the exposure of the site.

Sowing is best done every two weeks in order to harvest green beans continuously. However, it must be borne in mind that July 15 is the deadline for sowing beans, at which you can still get a crop. This period should be taken into account especially where beans are used as catch crops in fruiting asparagus crops. In cold (northern) exposure areas, it is useless to sow beans after July 10. It is also important to use only early ripening varieties for late sowing.

To obtain a harvest of beans, it should be sown early, since late sowing does not allow the seeds to mature enough. The latest sowing date on light soils is the first decade of June. On all other soils, beans for seeds must be sown no later than the end of May.

When growing beans for seeds, many common varieties give higher yields than fiberless varieties: in this case, it is not the taste of the valves that is important, but the size of the dry seed yield. The old variety Polar Star is most suitable for this. It has large white seeds and a high yield. Of all the bush bean varieties, it has the shortest growing season. This variety should be sown no thicker than indicated above.

Harvesting of beans for seeds is carried out after they are fully ripe. Bean seeds that are not fully ripe will deteriorate during storage. Harvesting time can be determined by the dry, shriveled leaves of the pods. If rainy weather is expected by the time of harvesting, the whole plants, without touching the pods, are cut off at the soil surface (but not pulled out by the roots). Bean plants tied in bundles are hung in a dry, ventilated place (barn, attic). Here they remain until the seeds in the pods dry out, after which they can be shelled.

Roots that have not been torn out, together with nodule bacteria, remain in the soil. Here they decompose and enrich the soil with humus and nitrogen. This leads to the fact that in crops grown after beans, there is a particularly vigorous growth even without the application of nitrogen fertilizers. However, active bacterial growth can only be expected where the beans themselves have developed well.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Traumrune

Types and varieties

All varieties of beans can be divided into three groups: shelling, semi-sugar, sugar. In shape, beans are bush, semi-curly and curly. According to the ripening period, the varieties are divided into early ripening (up to 65 days), medium early (65-75 days), medium (75-85 days), mid-ripening (85-100 days), late (more than 100 days).

Bean groups

  1. Shelling, or grain, - they are grown exclusively for the production of grains, since the valves of these beans have a parchment layer. Most of them in central Russia are impractical to grow - they do not ripen, and they cannot be used in an immature form.
  2. Semi - sugar - beans with a weak or late emerging parchment layer, they have unpleasant coarse fibers that must be removed before cooking, which, of course, is not very convenient.
  3. Sugar, or asparagus, - they do not contain a parchment layer. Among them, those varieties are especially popular in which there are no hard fibers between the valves.

Bean varieties

  • 'Sekunda' is an early ripening variety of sugar beans. The plant is bushy, compact. Immature pods are cylindrical, without fibers, green, 10–12 cm long.
  • 'Saksa' is an early ripening variety of asparagus beans. The beans have a delicate flavor and meatiness.
  • 'Saksa without fiber 615' is an early ripening variety of bush beans. A variety with sugar tender beans, very tasty, with a long fruiting period. Seeds are greenish yellow.
  • 'Pink' is a high-yielding mid-season variety of curly beans. From germination to the first collection of the scapula, 65–85 days pass. Pods are long, marbled pink, xiphoid, without parchment and fibers, each pod contains 6-10 grains.
  • 'Flat long' is a high-yielding early-ripening variety of curly beans. The period from germination to the first harvest of the scapula is 45-50 days, the ripening of seeds is 70-75 days. Pods are dark green, xiphoid, flat, 24–25 cm long, without parchment and fibers.
  • 'Fire Red' is a high-yielding fiberless bean variety. The beans are ready for harvest 90 days after sowing. The beans are dark green, flat, the pods are up to 30 cm long.
  • 'Violet' is a mid-season variety of curly beans. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 65–85 days. The beans are long, without a parchment layer, round-flat, slightly curved, purple, each pod has 6-10 grains.
Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Cronimus

Diseases and pests

The most harmful pest is the bean weevil - Anthoscelides obtectus Say. The beetle is 2.8-3.5 mm long, covered with grayish and yellowish-gray hairs from above, forming numerous unsharp specks; pi-gidium yellow-red, front dorsum without denticles on the sides, more or less spiky; on the thighs of the hind legs from below, on the inner edge, one sharp tooth and 2-3 small teeth behind it. The egg is 0.55-0.7 mm long, 0.24-0.31 mm wide, elongated-oval, cigar-shaped, less often slightly curved, white, dull. The adult larva, which hatches from the egg, is 3-5 mm long, yellowish-white, slightly curved; small tubercles instead of legs. The first generation larva is white with well-developed legs. Pupa 3-4 mm long, yellowish white.

Distributed on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, North Caucasus, Western Ukraine, Crimea and Moldova.

The pest hibernates inside the grain in the places of its storage, and in the field - in the carrion and in the soil under plant debris. Since the bean weevil lacks a diapause, it continues to develop in autumn and winter during storage and can occur there in different phases of development. In places where beans are stored, the pest develops up to 6 generations. In the field, the caryopsis gives 1-2 generations.

In spring, beetles fly from wintering grounds to a distance of up to 2.5 km … They feed on the generative organs of various legume plants: pollen, petals, flowers. In spring and early summer, caryopsis can be found on weeds, on alfalfa growing after mowing, on alfalfa seed plants. On beans, a caryopsis appears at the beginning of the formation of beans; massively - at the beginning of the ripening of beans, first on early varieties, then - on middle and late ripening. Females lay eggs in the cracks of the bean seam and in the holes specially gnawed in the dorsal seam, as well as directly on the seam (in grain storage areas) in groups of 20-40 eggs. Fertility of one female is 70-100 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 5 to 11 days. Optimal conditions for it are created at 28 … 30 ° C and 70-80% relative humidity. The larvae bite into the seeds, and all further development of the pest takes place there. The larva develops from 18 to 30 days,pupa - 8-16 days.

At -10 ° C, bean weevil beetles die inside the grain after 12 hours, pupae - after 8, larvae - after 7, and eggs are kept for more than 16 hours. Complete disinfection of seeds from the pest in all phases of development is achieved at 0 ° C for two months.

Bean weevil damages all types and varieties of beans, but more often - Common beans, as well as chickpeas and rank. Less commonly, it damages: from beans - Tepari, Golden (Mash), Angular (Azuki), Rice, Lima (Lunar) and Multiflower, and from other plants - Vogna, broad beans and lentils. One grain can contain up to 28 larvae, which drain the grain, pollute it with excrement, and its nutritional and seed qualities are reduced. Diparmus laticepsAshm is known as a bean weevil parasite.

Beans (Haricot)
Beans (Haricot)

© Sanjay Acharya

According to nutritionists, legumes are included in the list of the 10 most healthy foods. Beans are suitable for diabetic nutrition and fasting diets. The fiber, which is rich in legumes, is a natural laxative to prevent constipation.

Bean seeds and green pods are used for food. The special nutritional value of beans is a combination of high-quality protein with starch, sugars, minerals, vitamins and essential amino acids. Be healthy!

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