Raspberry, Common. Care, Cultivation. Types, Varieties. Berry. Properties.Photo

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Raspberry, Common. Care, Cultivation. Types, Varieties. Berry. Properties.Photo
Raspberry, Common. Care, Cultivation. Types, Varieties. Berry. Properties.Photo

Video: Raspberry, Common. Care, Cultivation. Types, Varieties. Berry. Properties.Photo

Video: Raspberry, Common. Care, Cultivation. Types, Varieties. Berry. Properties.Photo
Video: Different Varieties of Raspberries, Part 1 2024, March
Anonim

Undoubtedly, one of the most beloved berries in Russia is raspberry. Raspberries are quite winter-hardy and unpretentious, they quickly bear fruit. Raspberry bushes, depending on the variety, can be low - about 1.5 m, medium - no more than 2 m and vigorous - more than 2 m, as well as straight-growing, medium and slightly spreading. Bushes also differ in the direction of growth, the number and thickness of shoots, with or without thorns. Berries from 2 to 12 g of excellent taste and aroma also have valuable medicinal and dietary properties, are rich in biologically active substances, vitamins. The berries are used fresh, dried, frozen, made from them jam, juices, jams, compotes, liqueurs, liqueurs, marmalade.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Cillas

Raspberry (lat. Rubus) is a shrub from the Pink family.

It grows in clearings, forests, bushes, river banks. It is often bred in gardens.

Raspberry is a deciduous shrub with a perennial rhizome, from which two-year aerial stems develop, usually up to one and a half meters high.

The rhizome is sinuous, ligneous, with multiple adventitious roots, forming a powerful branched system.

The stems are erect. The shoots of the first year are grassy, green with a bluish bloom, juicy, covered with thin, usually frequent miniature thorns.

Leaves are oval, alternate, petiolate, compound, with 3-7 ovate leaflets, dark green above, whitish below, covered with fine hairs.

The flowers are white, about 1 cm across, collected in small racemose inflorescences, located on the tops of the stems or in the leaf axils. The petals are shorter than the calyx lobes.

The fruits are small hairy drupes that grow together on the receptacle into a complex fruit. Fruits appear not only on the shoots of the second year. In the southern regions, fruits also appear on the shoots of the first year in mid-autumn. These shoots become woody and acquire a brown color, fruiting branches with flower buds grow from the axils of the leaves. Immediately after fruiting, the side branches dry out, but new stems grow from the same root the next year.

In central Russia, raspberries bloom from June to July, sometimes up to August.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Hedwig Storch

There are about 250 (according to other sources up to 600) species in the genus, distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. In Russia, there are about 30 species and several hybrids, which are named differently:

  • Rubus idaeus - common raspberry, forest
  • Rubus fructicosus - gray blackberry (ozhina, hedgehog)
  • Rubus chamaemorus - stocky cloudberry
  • Rubus caesius - blackberry (ozhina, hedgehog) gray
  • Rubus saxatilis - stony bone
  • Rubus arcticus - arctic princess (raspberry), glade, mamura
  • Rubus armeniacus - Armenian or Himalayan blackberry
  • Rubus sachalinensis - Sakhalin raspberry
  • Rubus nessensis - kumanika
  • Rubus candicans
  • Rubus odoratus - fragrant raspberry
  • Rubus humulifolius
  • Rubus matsumuranus
  • Rubus nemorosa
  • Rubus glaucus - mora
  • Rubus neveus - Mysore raspberry

1. Fragrant raspberry - Rubus odoratus

Grows wildly on the rocky forest slopes of eastern North America.

Deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall (under culture conditions not higher than 1.5), with shiny brown shoots peeling bark. Young shoots are hairy and glandular, shiny brown, without thorns. Leaves are simple, large, up to 20 cm, 3-5-lobed, with sharp, ovoid-triangular lobes, similar to maple (due to this similarity, some authors distinguish this species as a separate genus and call it “malinoclene”). The leaf blade is light green, pubescent on both sides, glandular, on a long petiole. Large, up to 5 cm in diameter, pink-purple flowers (a white variety is also known) with a pleasant aroma, single or collected in short paniculate inflorescences, densely set with long, glandular hairs; bloom in the first half of June, decorating the plant throughout the summer. Fruits up to 1 cm, hemispherical, flattened, light red, sour, edible, but there are very few of them. The leaves turn yellow in late September.

Hardy, although the ends of the shoots at the latitude of Moscow often freeze slightly. Recommended for a day of quick landscaping, as an undergrowth in forest parks, for decorating inconveniences. In culture since 1770. It can be occasionally found in the landscaping of Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and other cities.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Sten Porse

2. Beautiful raspberry - Rubus deliciosus

A graceful, widely spreading deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall, common in western North America. The bark on the shoots is dark gray, peeling longitudinally. Young shoots are softly pubescent. Leaves are simple, reniform or ovate, up to 7 cm long, 3-5-lobed, uneven, somewhat reminiscent of grape leaves, but smaller and more tender, dark green, shiny. The flowers are pure white, large, up to 5 cm in diameter, solitary, with a pleasant delicate aroma. Flowering is very abundant, colorful, lasting up to 20 days. Fruits are hemispherical, up to 1.5 cm, dark purple, dryish, tasteless.

Good in any garden, park, public garden, especially in parterre plantings in the foreground. In culture since 1870.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Ulf Eliasson

3. Hawthorn-leaved raspberry - Rubus crataegifolius

This original Far Eastern dwarf shrub differs significantly from the well-known fruit shrub of M. common, and is grown primarily as an ornamental plant, although the fruits are quite juicy, but acidic and contain many hard seeds. In culture on the territory of Russia, they are planted only in botanical gardens.

In nature, the bush reaches a height of 1-2 m, specimens grown in Moscow have the same size.

Blooms from mid June to August. Shoots are dark purple or brown-red, furrowed, thick, branching in the upper part, covered with thorns and pubescent. The bush looks decorative due to the fact that the shoots are arched, especially in the upper part. The leaves, unlike most types of raspberries, are simple, three- or five-lobed, dark green, pubescent on both sides, large-serrated along the edge, up to 12 cm long. Their autumn color is very beautiful, becoming yellow, orange, dark red. Flowers up to 2 cm in diameter, white, collected in apical drooping inflorescences.

Fruits are dark red, shiny, sweet-sour, juicy complex drupes, fused at the bases, ripening in early August. Blossoms and bears fruit from 5 years old.

It grows well on rather moist, slightly podzolic soils, tolerates shading, but blooms and bears fruit better in bright places. Planted in April and October. Since the plant develops like a half-shrub, all old faded shoots in the fall are cut to two or three lower buds, this stimulates the formation of new shoots in spring. It is quite winter-hardy in the middle lane, although the shoots, like those of a shrub, die off in winter, but quickly grow back in spring.

Propagation by stratified seeds and cuttings (cuttings give a high percentage of rooting when treated with IMC 0.01%), root suckers formed in many, dividing the bushes.

They are planted in single bushes, in groups, goes to the creation of sheared and uncut hedges, borders. Berries are used for food by the local population within the natural range.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

4. Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus

Common raspberry is a branched perennial shrub with an erect stem, up to 180 cm high. The shoots of the first year are green, barren, studded with thorns, the second - fruiting, slightly woody. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with 3-5, sometimes 7 leaflets, glabrous above, white-tomentose below. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-white, five-petal, collected in axillary racemes. The fruit is a raspberry-red complex drupe, easily separating from the conical receptacle. Blooms in June-July. The fruits ripen in July-August.

Common raspberry is widely cultivated in the central and northern regions, in the Urals and Siberia. In the wild, raspberries are distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the CIS, in Western Siberia, the Caucasus, the Crimea and some regions of Central Asia.

Fruits are used as medicinal raw materials. They are harvested during the period of full maturity without a cone-shaped receptacle. Harvesting is carried out only in dry weather after the dew dries, the berries are folded into small and shallow baskets. The collected raw materials are cleaned of leaves, twigs, spoiled fruits that have accidentally got into it and dried in the air. Dry the harvested raspberries in the sun or in refrigerated ovens at a temperature of 50-60 °, spread out in a thin layer and gently turning over. Dried fruits are a complex round or cone-shaped drupe with separate (30-60) drupes of a grayish-crimson color that have grown together. The smell is specific, pleasant, the taste is sour-sweet. Raw materials are stored in a dry room in a solid container.

Beneficial features

Raspberries contain malic, citric, nylon, formic and salicylic acids, vitamins C and group B, carotene, sucrose, glucose, fructose, tannins, cyanidin chloride. The seeds contain up to 15% fatty oil.

The forest berry is considered more valuable - its fruits are smaller and sour than those of the garden, but they are more fragrant, less watery and better preserved when dried.

The diaphoretic and antipyretic effect of raspberries, associated with the presence of salicylic acid in it, has been known since time immemorial. Dried fruit tea is an excellent remedy for colds. In folk medicine, raspberries are also used to improve digestion, with scurvy, anemia, stomach pains, and fever. Infusions and decoctions of raspberry leaves are taken orally as an astringent for diarrhea, stomach and uterine bleeding, inflammatory bowel diseases, and in the form of rinses - for tonsillitis and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. A decoction of flowers is used to wash the face with erysipelas, acne and wash the eyes with conjunctivitis … Infusions of leaves and flowers are used for hemorrhoids and gynecological diseases, and a decoction of leaves with potash is used as a home remedy for dyeing hair black.

In scientific medicine, dried raspberries are used as a diaphoretic for various colds.

To prepare the infusion, 2 tablespoons of dry raspberry fruits are brewed with a glass of boiling water, insisted in a closed vessel for several hours, then filtered. Accepted hot. Raspberries are included in sweatshops № 1 and № 2.

The industry produces raspberry syrup, which is used in pharmacies to improve the taste of medicines.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Jerzy Opioła

Common raspberry varieties

Early ripening

  • Scarlet sail. The bush is powerful, shoots are slightly spiny in the lower part, erect, with drooping tops, prone to branching, high (up to 2.2 m), bright red in autumn, good shoot formation (9 - 11 pieces per bush). Winter-hardy, in severe winters, when the main bud freezes, it forms a crop due to axillary buds. Productivity up to 1.7 kg of berries per bush. Berry weighing 2.5 - 2.7 g, rounded-conical, ruby color, universal use. It is resistant to the main fungal diseases. Damaged by raspberry and spider mites, sensitive to mycoplasma overgrowth.
  • Runaway. It is very popular with amateur gardeners. The bush is medium-sized (1.7 - 2.0 m), slightly spreading, the shoots are erect, almost thornless, by autumn they are light brown, the shoot productivity is good (7 - 9 pieces per bush). They are distinguished by high winter hardiness. The yield is good - up to 2 kg of berries per bush. Berries are medium-sized (2.5 - 3 g), golden-apricot color, excellent taste with a delicate aroma, not transportable.
  • Meteor. The bush is powerful, of medium height (1.8 - 2 m), upright, slightly spreading, with good shoot-forming ability, poorly repaired. Winter-hardy, high-yielding - up to 2 kg per bush. The variety is distinguished by its very early (late June) and relatively amicable ripening of the crop. It opens the season for the consumption of raspberries. Berries are medium-sized (2.7 - 3 g), ruby color, round-conical, good taste, aromatic. Resistant to major diseases.
  • Early sweet. The bush is high (2 - 2.5 m), semi-spreading. Shoots are erect at the base, curved at the top, prickly, with a waxy bloom, in autumn with a reddish tan, medium shoot formation. High winter hardiness, medium-yielding (1.2 - 1.5 kg per bush). The berries are small - up to 2 g, rounded-conical, red, of excellent taste, with a strong aroma of the best forms of forest raspberries, non-transportable. It is resistant to the main fungal diseases.
  • Sun. The bush is medium-sized, the shoots are high (1.8 - 2 m), spiny, powerful, with a sloping upper part, the shoots are medium. Moderate winter hardiness, yield up to 1.5 kg of berries from a bush. The berries are large (3.5 - 4 g), round-conical, raspberry, with delicate aromatic pulp, sweet and sour, of excellent taste. Medium resistant to major fungal diseases.
  • An early surprise. The bush is medium-sized, semi-sprawling, erect shoots, strongly thorny, with a weak waxy bloom, medium shoot formation. Winter-hardy, relatively drought-resistant, yield up to 1.5 kg of berries per bush. The berries are medium-sized (2.5 - 3 g), obtuse-conical, red, good taste. It is resistant to the main fungal diseases.
  • Abundant - large and very large bright red berries (4-10 grams or more) ripen on a powerful two-meter bush, dense, transportable.
  • Cumberland is a black raspberry variety. It is winter-hardy (withstands frosts up to 30 ° C) and is very decorative. On bushes 1.5-2 meters high, dotted with numerous thorns, sweet, round, black-purple shiny berries ripen. And that's not all the advantages. 'Cumberland' is resistant to diseases, the berries ripen together and do not crumple during transportation.

Medium ripening varieties

  • Arabesque - a compact bush of this raspberry grows up to 1.5–2 m. The burgundy-red shiny berries weigh 4–8 g. The variety is very unpretentious, adapts well even to adverse conditions
  • Arbat - medium-sized, powerful, spreading bushes are hung with large, dark red berries. The usual weight of each is 4–12 g, but there are a lot of giant berries - up to 18 g. The disadvantages of the variety include moderate winter hardiness - in cold winters, shoots need to be bent down and covered with snow.
  • Balm. The bush is medium-sized, the height of the shoots is 1.7 - 1.8 m, they are upright, medium-spined, the shoot productivity is average. It stands out for its high winter hardiness and productivity (up to 2.2 kg of berries per bush). Berries are medium-sized (2.5 - 3 g), ruby color, truncated-conical, good sweet and sour taste. The variety is resistant to the main fungal diseases, slightly damaged by spider mites, resistant to bark damping and winter drying of the stems.
  • The yellow giant is a remontant variety of large-fruited raspberries. A one and a half meter bush gives large and medium light yellow berries (4-8 g).
  • Crane. A medium sized bush, compact. Shoots are medium-sized (1.7 - 2 m), thick, straight, slightly thorny, medium shoot formation, remontant. Winter-hardy, productive (up to 2 kg per bush). The berries are medium-sized (2.7 - 3.5 g), blunt-conical, ruby, dense, good taste. Relatively hardy to fungal diseases, resistant to raspberry mites.
  • Kirzhach. The bush is powerful, slightly spreading, with a high shoot-forming ability, the shoots are erect, slightly spiny. Winter-hardy, high-yielding (up to 2 kg per bush), medium-sized berries (2.8 - 3 g), blunt-conical, universal use. Relatively resistant to fungal diseases and raspberry mites.
  • Cumberland. The only zoned black raspberry variety in Russia. A bush of medium height (1.5 - 2 m), with arcuate curved shoots covered with numerous sharp thorns and a thick waxy bloom. Does not form root offspring. Propagated by rooting the tops of the shoots. Average winter hardiness, it is desirable to cover the shoots with snow. The yield can reach 1.7 - 2 kg of berries per bush. Berries are small - up to 2 g, round, black-violet, shiny, with a whitish bloom between the drupes, sweet, with a blackberry flavor, transportable. Resistant to major diseases and pests of raspberries.
  • Lazarevskaya. The bush is low (1.5 - 1.8 m), upright, slightly spreading. Shoots are thin, erect, prone to branching, slightly thorny, light brown, shoots are very high (up to 15 - 20 pieces per bush). Winter-hardy, high yield - up to 2.2 kg of berries per bush. The berries are medium-sized (2.6 - 3.5 g), elongated-conical, dull red, good taste, with a weak aroma. Medium resistant to fungal diseases. It is highly sensitive to raspberry mites.
  • Reward. The bush is medium-sized (1.7 - 2 m), spreading, with moderate shoots. Shoots are upright, medium-thick, prickly, burgundy in autumn. Winter hardy, yield up to 2 kg of berries per bush. Berries of medium size (2.5 - 3 g), elongated-conical, red, good taste, with a typical raspberry aroma. Medium tolerant to fungal diseases. It is highly sensitive to raspberry mite, shoot gall midge, mycoplasma wilting.
  • Lilac fog - a one and a half meter compact bush strewn with bright red, shiny, large berries (4-10 g). The peculiarity of the variety is resistance to viruses.
  • Modest. The bush is medium-sized, compressed type, with moderate shoot-forming ability. Shoots are almost thornless, high (1.8 - 2.2 m), erect, prone to branching. Winter hardy, stable and high yield - up to 2.2 kg of berries per bush. Medium-sized berries (3 - 3.5 g), round-conical, universal use. Resistant to major fungal diseases and raspberry mites. Sensitive to spider mites.
  • Companion. The bush is medium-sized, with a moderate shoot-forming ability, shoots 1.8 - 2 m high, vigorous, upright, medium spine. Winter-hardy and fruitful - up to 2 kg of berries per bush. I years are medium-sized (2.7 - 3.5 g), dense, hemispherical, dark crimson, universal use. Resistant to fungal diseases, relatively resistant to spider mites, sensitive to shoot calli and raspberry mites.
  • Tarusa is a one and a half meter bush with stem type shoots - a raspberry tree that does not require supports. The first domestic similar grade. Large (4–12 g) bright red berries, dense, transportable.

Late ripening varieties

  • Brigantine. The bush is compact, of medium height (1.8 - 2 m) with a moderate number of powerful upright, weakly spiny shoots, medium shoot-forming ability. Average winter hardiness, high yield (up to 2.2 kg of berries per bush). The berries are large (3.2 - 3.8 g), dark raspberry, dense, round-conical, good taste. It is moderately damaged by fungal diseases. Sensitive to raspberry mites. It is relatively resistant to spider mites, anthracnose and drought.
  • Latham. Bred in the USA. The bush is medium-sized (1.6 - 1.8 m), compact, shoots are high. Shoots are medium-thin, straight, prickly, with a thick waxy bloom, in autumn they are bright red. Winter hardy, yield 1.7 - 2 kg of berries from a bush. Berries weighing up to 2.5 - 2.8 g, round, red, mediocre taste with a weak aroma. Resistant to mycoplasma growth and winter desiccation. Medium tolerant to fungal and viral diseases.

Repaired varieties

Indian summer. The bush is medium-sized, spreading, the shoot-forming ability is average, the shoots are erect, strongly branching, the fruiting zone exceeds half their length. Autumn harvest - up to 1 kg per bush, and in more southern regions - 1.5 - 2 kg. Berries are medium-sized (3 - 3.5 g), round-conical, good taste, universal use. The first berries ripen before frost. In the central part of Russia, the potential yield is realized by 50 - 70%

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Bill Tyne

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Algirdas

Growing

Raspberry is a shrub consisting of a perennial root system and an aerial part in the form of annual and biennial shoots. The root system of raspberries is represented by a rhizome - an underground stem, from which lateral roots extend by 1.5 - 2 m and are located in the surface 10 - 50 cm layer of soil. The roots can penetrate up to two or more meters deep.

It is better to plant raspberries in autumn or spring. When planting in autumn, the bushes are spudded for the winter, they are uncooked in the spring. For planting, select high-quality seedlings with a dense fibrous root system and a matured aboveground part. The seedling is dipped in a chatterbox, placed in a hole and watered abundantly.

There are two widespread methods of growing raspberries - with preservation of the individuality of the bush and tape … When a bush is formed, 8-10 powerful shoots are left at each planting site by the end of the second year, the remaining weak growths are periodically removed. Tape placement of raspberries is to create a strip of plants. To do this, outside the strip, all shoots are regularly removed, and in the strip - extra weak shoots. The belt method of growing plants allows you to get higher yields, and the belt itself can serve as a hedge. In summer cottages, it is advisable to grow raspberries on supports. This makes it easier to care for her and harvest. The tied up shoots are better illuminated, develop a larger number of inflorescences, as a result, give a greater yield of high quality. On annual shoots in the year of their growth, flower buds are laid in the axils of the leaves, most often in two together: one is the main, larger, the second is smaller.

Raspberries in one place can grow up to 15 - 20 years, but the most productive period lasts no more than 10 - 12 years. By this time, the rhizome is aging, the shoots are shrinking, the yield decreases, and the bushes are subject to uprooting.

The longevity and productivity of raspberries are determined by the biological characteristics of the variety, winter hardiness and the level of agricultural technology used.

Raspberry is a weak culture, shoots and buds at the end of the shoots suffer from frost. A temperature of -30 ° C has a detrimental effect on plantings, especially if the plants did not finish growing in time in autumn.

Raspberry does not tolerate drought or excessively moist soils. Grows well and bears fruit on loose, nutritious and moderately moist soils.

Raspberries are a fast-growing crop, they begin bearing fruit in the second year after planting. Fruiting well and annually.

Raspberry is a good honey plant, its flowers are visited by bees even in rainy weather.

The age of fresh raspberries is disappointingly short-lived: a day, maybe two. If raspberries do not spoil even on the fourth day, then they take off their hat in front of such a variety.

Carrying berries somewhere is one torment: they cannot stand the road shaking. And therefore, as soon as they are collected, everything that is not immediately eaten, they try to immediately boil, dry, freeze - in a word, bring them to a certain stable state in order to preserve the amazing raspberry aroma for as long as possible.

Raspberry berries are used to make jam, marmalade, caramel filling, syrups, liqueurs, and also dry them.

In the first year, the shoot grows in length and thickness and does not form branches.

In the second year, the shoot does not grow, but the buds on it start to grow and form fruit branches of various lengths.

Very few fruit branches are formed from the buds of the lower part of the shoot, and the buds at the end of the shoot very often freeze or the berries formed from them are very small and few of them.

Fruiting biennial shoots dry up and die off, and next to the rhizome located in the soil, new shoots grow.

The underground part of the raspberry is perennial. It consists of a rhizome, from which, as already noted, lateral roots extend in all directions. Raspberry roots are located in the soil at a depth of 10 to 50 cm, depending on the thickness of the soil layer. To the sides of the bush, the roots spread in a radius of 1.5 - 2.0 m.

From the adventitious buds placed on the rhizomes and roots, new annual shoots grow during the growing season.

Shoots that appear in early spring grow well, reaching normal height by autumn - and they are left to replace the fruiting shoots.

Shoots that appear in the second half of summer grow slowly, they are of no value, it is recommended to destroy them.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Maksim

Diseases and pests of raspberries

Anthracnose. It affects young shoots, leaves, their petioles and berries. The disease on the shoots manifests itself in the form of round (oval) depressed spots (ulcers), at first purple, then gray, bordered with a red-purple border. Point spots form on the leaf blades, and ulcers appear on the berries, they then dry out, causing the death of leaves and petioles. Brushes and berries also dry out. In case of severe damage, the shoots bend, stop growing and even die (including two-year-old shoots).

White spot. The causative agent of the disease hibernates on plant debris. Affects leaves and stems. Rounded whitish spots with a thin brownish border appear on the leaves, the tissues in the center of these spots crumble. The stems are covered with vague whitish spots, the bark on them cracks and flakes. If severely damaged, the stems may die.

Purple spot. The causative agent of the disease overwinters on plant debris. It affects stems, buds, leaf stalks, less often leaves. Light purple spots are formed on annual shoots, which gradually turn reddish-brown. The spots, growing, merge and can cover up to 1/3 of the shoot along the length and "ring" it. As a result, shoots become brittle, easily break and die.

Gray rot. It affects berries and shoots. Infection occurs during flowering. Affected berries rot and are unusable. Elongated spots appear on young shoots in internodes, which in autumn and winter look like watermarks. In winter, the bark cracks in the affected areas, black fruit bodies of the fungus are visible in the cracks. Such shoots die during wintering. Cold and wet weather contributes to the development of the disease.

Powdery mildew. It affects berries and growth points of young shoots, as well as young leaves. The disease develops especially strongly in humid and warm weather. On the affected parts, spots appear, covered with a light gray cobweb bloom (as if sprinkled with flour). The berries are unattractive, their quality drops sharply and they are unusable.

Raspberry (Raspberry)
Raspberry (Raspberry)

© Ben Stephenson

What varieties do you grow? We are waiting for your stories!

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